Following the adoption of Saudi Arabia’s Universal
Periodic Review outcome on March 14, MENA Rights Group, Alqst, the Right
Livelihood Award Foundation and OMCT called on the international community to
maintain pressure on the Saudi government to improve the human rights situation
in the country.
On March 14, 2019, the UN Human Rights
Council (HRC) formally adopted the Universal Periodic Review (UPR) outcome of
Saudi Arabia after the country’s human rights record was examined by UN member states on November 5,
2018. During the November review, 96 states made 258 recommendations on a wide
range of topics including the death penalty, counter-terrorism legislation,
freedom of expression and association, women’s rights, the ratification of
international treaties and the war in Yemen.
The HRC invited Saudi Arabia to report
back to the Council on which recommendations it had chosen to accept no later
than the 40th session of the HRC, which began on February 25, 2019. On
February 26, the Saudi government submitted its outcome report (see outcome report), in which it highlighted the 186
recommendations it had chosen to accept. On March 14, the HRC formally adopted
this outcome.
As civil society organisations*, we wish
to highlight a number of significant recommendations that have been accepted by
Saudi Arabia in order to provide the international community with a tool to
ensure these recommendations are implemented swiftly and effectively. In
accepting these recommendations, Saudi Arabia has committed to implementing
them fully ahead of its next UPR in 2023. In the coming years, the
international community must ensure that the Saudi authorities put the
commitments they have made into action.
International human rights instruments: Saudi Arabia accepted a
recommendation shared by ten states (122.3) calling on the country to ratify
the International
Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). The authorities also accepted a
recommendation (122.5) to ratify the International
Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) and as well as several
recommendations to consider acceding to the International
Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members
of Their Families.
Cooperation with the United Nations: Saudi Arabia accepted a recommendation
(122.38) made by Georgia to “intensify cooperation with special procedure
mandate holders”. This is particularly significant given that there are
currently 13 pending visit
requests made by special procedure mandate holders to Saudi Arabia.
Women’s rights: Saudi Arabia accepted a number of
recommendations pertaining to the promotion of women’s rights and gender
equality. Unfortunately, several of these recommendations used vague language,
meaning it will be difficult to measure implementation. However, Saudi Arabia
did accept a recommendation made by Iceland (122.65) to “ensure women’s
equality with men before the law and the enjoyment of all human rights,
including the rights to freedom of movement, education, employment, marriage,
and protection from violence in the home and family”, as well as a similar
recommendation made by Belgium (122.66). Furthermore, the state accepted a
recommendation calling on it to “adopt further measures to ensure gender
equality and expand the rights and opportunities for women” (122.201),
alongside a number of recommendations calling on it to review, reform, or
outright abolish the male guardianship system (122.202- 219).
Yemen: Saudi Arabia accepted a number of strong
recommendations on Yemen, including to “ensure full and total consideration of
international humanitarian law” (122.71), “protect civilians, particularly
children, in all military operations in Yemen, take precautionary measures and
prevent indiscriminate use of force” (122.80), and to “create legal mechanisms
which would allow full, impartial and independent inquiries into human rights
violations committed by the coalition forces while conducting operations in
Yemen […]” (122.81).
Counter-terrorism: Worryingly, Saudi Arabia rejected a
recommendation made by Canada to “remove provisions in the 2017
counter-terrorism law that call for incommunicado detention” (122.87).
However, the state did commit to ensuring that its counter-terrorism legislation
“complies with international human rights norms, including by revising the
broad definition of terrorism and no longer making it applicable to non-violent
expressions” (122.90).
The death penalty: Saudi Arabia’s approach to
recommendations concerning the death penalty is inconsistent, but largely
negative. It rejected recommendations that called for it to ratify the Second
Optional Protocol to the ICCPR aiming at the abolition of the death penalty. It also
rejected a large number of recommendations calling for it to establish a
moratorium on the use of the death penalty, but did accept a recommendation to
“forgo the application of the death penalty or at least restrict it to the most
serious crimes” (122.107). Saudi Arabia failed to show a strong
commitment to halting the use of the death penalty against minors.
Torture and ill-treatment: Saudi Arabia accepted
recommendations to “adopt further steps to prevent torture, cruel and degrading
treatment in prisons and detention centres” (122.116) and to “implement legal
reforms to ensure proper legal process and to prevent secret and indefinite
detention” (122.117). Saudi Arabia also accepted a
recommendation calling on it to “establish a reliable complaint mechanism for
detained persons and include in the national legislation clear provisions for
the compensation of victims of torture within detention units” (122.185).
Human
rights defenders: Notably, Saudi Arabia accepted
the vast majority of recommendations calling on the state to improve the
situation for human rights defenders, and to protect the rights to freedom of
expression, association and peaceful assembly. Among the many strong
recommendations accepted by Saudi Arabia are to “release anyone imprisoned
solely for exercising their rights to freedom of expression and association and
to peaceful assembly, including human rights defenders and journalists”
(122.131) and to “amend or adopt legislation to ensure freedom of the press,
opinion and expression” (122.137). However, Saudi Arabia rejected a
recommendation made by Germany calling on it to “immediately release all human
rights defenders, in particular women” (122.141).
Jamal
Khashoggi investigation: Saudi Arabia accepted a large
number of recommendations calling on it to cooperate with investigations into
the killing of Jamal Khashoggi and bring perpetrators to justice.
Recommendations accepted by Saudi Arabia include those calling on the state to
“clarify the circumstances of the killing of Mr. Khashoggi and ensure full
accountability of all those responsible for committing such a heinous crime”
(122.169) and to “disclose all information available on the disappearance and
killing of Saudi journalist, Jamal Khashoggi […]” (122.176). However, Saudi
Arabia rejected a recommendation made by Iceland to “invite a team of
international experts to participate in the investigation […]” (122.173). UN
Special Rapporteur Agnes Callamard is currently leading an investigation into
Khashoggi’s killing, but has thus far been unable to obtain access to the
country for the purpose of the investigation.
As
outlined above, Saudi Arabia has accepted a large number of recommendations
which, if fully and effectively implemented, would significantly improve the
human rights situation in the country. It is also worth noting the Saudi
authorities outright rejected a number of key recommendations which show a
severe lack of willingness to adhere to international human rights standards, particularly
with regards to the death penalty and the rights of detainees.
During
the oral statements made by civil society organisations following the adoption
of Saudi Arabia’s UPR, Alqst and FIDH, among other organisations, strongly
condemned the Saudi government’s rejection of recommendations to reform
excessively broad legislation that restrict fundamental rights such as the Law
on Associations, the Counter-terrorism Law and the Cybercrime Law. The
Right Livelihood Award Foundation and MENA Rights Group encouraged Saudi Arabia
to put its words into action, noting that: “for it to be relevant, the UPR must
not be an exercise in empty rhetoric.”
We
are encouraged by an unprecedented condemnation of Saudi
Arabia’s rights record made during the 40thsession of the HRC on March 7 by 36
UN Member States. We urge the international community to maintain this pressure
in the coming years by following up on the UPR outcome, as well as urging the
state to reconsider its position on the issues it has shown no willingness to
improve.
The HRC says the goal of the UPR is “the improvement of the human rights situation in every country with significant consequences for people around the globe.” If cooperated with in good faith, the UPR should result in real and meaningful improvements to the human rights situation on the ground. To achieve this goal, however, the international community must put pressure on Saudi Arabia to stand by its commitment to the UPR process. In this regard, states must prioritise human rights in their dealings with the country.
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